Paul writes:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_system

Bad blocks Table

For ext4 (and the older ext2 and ext3) in Linux specifically, one can
give the -c option to mkfs.ext4 when creating the file system so that
it'll scan the drive for bad blocks and map them out if any are
found. Alternatively this can also be done with fsck -cc to an existing
file system.

With a quick look it seems other file systems one might want to use on
Linux (xfs, btrfs, f2fs, zfs) don't have a similar thing.